Observing Condition Constraints |
All queue-mode observations must have observing condition constraints specified by the proposer that describe the minimum (i.e. poorest) conditions under which the observation should be executed. Starting in 2007B, classical programmes must also specify the minimum acceptable conditions and, optionally, a backup programme able to take advantage of poorer conditions. The observing condition constraints must be specified in the Phase I proposal to avoid loading the queue entirely with one type of conditions (e.g. best image quality).
The constraints are divided into five categories (if appropriate, values for Mauna Kea and Cerro Pachon are given separately):
The specific properties corresponding to these categories usually are wavelength dependent and will not be relevant for all observations. For example, the sky background at visible wavelengths is dominated by the lunar phase and moon-to-target angle. At mid-IR wavelength the combination of cloud cover and water vapour condition define the background and its variability. For the image quality, sky transparency and background we have chosen to represent the variation in these conditions (which is deterministic in the case of visible sky brightness, statistical in the case of water vapour column, for example) by a percentile representing the frequency of occurrence of the specific property. Observing constraints are specified in terms of these percentiles (see examples below) e.g. (best) 20%-ile, 50%-ile (better than median) etc.
This page provide a translation between the frequency of occurrence and the specific value for the relevant property as well as further information and guidance on their use by observers. The emphasis is on providing observers with these constraints in meaningful units (and corresponding to those used in the integration time calculator) as well as indicating their likelihood.
Temporal constraints, e.g. for time-critical observations or periodic monitoring, and GMOS-specific constraints (such as those which affect mask cutting) are (to be) described elsewhere.
Several examples serve to illustrate how the specific scientific objectives of a program might affect the users choice of constraints:
Wavelength regime | WFS | Constraint | |||
20%-ile | 70%-ile | 85%-ile | "any" (100%-ile) | ||
V (0.5µm) | peripheral | 0.45 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.90 |
on-instrument | 0.45 | 0.80 | 1.10 | ||
I (0.9µm) | peripheral | 0.45 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.70 |
on-instrument | 0.40 | 0.75 | 1.05 | ||
J (1.2µm) | peripheral | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.85 | 1.55 |
on-instrument | 0.35 | 0.55 | 0.80 | ||
K (2.2µm) | peripheral | 0.35 | 0.55 | 0.80 | 1.40 |
on-instrument | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.75 | ||
L (3.4µm) | peripheral | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.75 | 1.25 |
on-instrument | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.70 | ||
N (11.7µm filter)* | peripheral | 0.31-0.34 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.75 |
Q (18.3µm filter)* | peripheral | 0.49-0.54 | 0.49-0.54 | 0.49-0.54 | 0.85 |
Note that these values apply to the telescope pointing at zenith. The performance degradation away from the zenith can be approximated crudely as (air mass)0.6 in the visible and short wavelength infrared, and the integration time calculators take into account the dependence of image quality on wavelength (by interpolation) and airmass when calculating signal-to-noise ratios. The exponent is lower and variable in the 10µm and 20µm windows; values being used in the integration time calculators at these wavelengths are uncertain and may be updated. If your program requires a certain absolute image quality (e.g. for resolving objects at small separations) you should consider the possible elevations at which your observations could be executed when deciding upon image quality constraints.
Explanation of table entries:
Note that the relevant parameter here is image quality and not simply seeing, that is, a wind speed distribution and the telescope performance (e.g. windshake, servo and wavefront sensor characteristics) have been incorporated into the analysis. The model was adapted by Mark Chun from original Mathematica calculations by Charles Jenkins (see also Jenkins 1998, MNRAS, 294, 69) with a subsequent correction (in August 2002) by Phil Puxley to the extant seeing distribution.
Interpretation of the table is shown in the
following example. An image at K of a target at zenith with a bright
guide star in the Peripheral Wavefront Sensor would be expected to
have a 50% EED of no more than 0.35 arcsec 20% of the time and no more
than 0.55 arcsec 70% of the time.
Wavelength regime | Constraint | Comments | ||||
50%-ile | 70%-ile | 90%-ile | any | |||
optical | photometric | patchy cloud | cloudy | usable | ||
near-IR (1-2.5µm) | photometric | patchy cloud | cloudy | usable | ||
near-IR (3-5µm) | photometric | patchy cloud | unusable | not usable under 90% or poorer conditions due to emissivity | ||
mid-IR (8-25µm) | cloudless | patchy cloud |
Explanation of table entries:
MK | Wavelength regime | Constraint | Comments | |||
20%-ile | 50%-ile | 80%-ile | any | |||
optical | any | see note 1 | ||||
near-IR (1-2.5µm) | 1.0mm | any | Precipitable H2O; affects region between J, H and K bands. See spectra. | |||
near-IR (3-5µm) | 1.0mm | 1.6mm | 3mm | any | Precipitable H2O. See spectra. | |
mid-IR (8-25µm) | 1.0mm | 1.6mm | 3mm | any | Precipitable H2O. See spectra. |
CP | Wavelength regime | Constraint | Comments | |||
20%-ile | 50%-ile | 80%-ile | any | |||
optical | any | see note 1 | ||||
near-IR (1-2.5µm) | 2.3mm | any | Precipitable H2O; affects region between J, H and K bands. See spectra . | |||
near-IR (3-5µm) | 2.3mm | 4.3mm | 7.6mm | any | Precipitable H2O. See spectra. | |
mid-IR (8-25µm) | 2.3mm | 4.3mm | 7.6mm | any | Precipitable H2O. See spectra. |
Explanation of table entries:
MK | Wavelength regime | Constraint | Comments | |||
20%-ile | 50%-ile | 80%-ile | any | |||
optical | µV > 21.3 ('darkest') |
µV > 20.7 ('dark') |
µV > 19.5 ('grey') |
µV > 18.0 ('bright') |
V-band mag/sq arcsec; sky colour is different for each bin | |
near-IR (1-2.5µm) | any J~16.0, H~13.9, K~13.5 |
brightness in mag/sq arcsec; see note 1 | ||||
near-IR (3-5µm) | any | see note 2 | ||||
mid-IR (8-25µm) | any | see note 2 |
CP | Wavelength regime | Constraint | Comments | |||
20%-ile | 50%-ile | 80%-ile | any | |||
optical | µV > 21.3 ('darkest') |
µV > 20.7 ('dark') |
µV > 19.5 ('grey') |
µV > 18.0 ('bright') |
V-band mag/sq arcsec; sky colour is different for each bin | |
near-IR (1-2.5µm) | any J~16.0, H~13.9, K~13.5 |
brightness in mag/sq arcsec; see note 1 | ||||
near-IR (3-5µm) | any | see note 2 | ||||
mid-IR (8-25µm) | any | see note 2 |
Explanation of joint table entries:
This constraint defines the maximum air mass [= sec(zenith distance) = 1/cos(zd)] at which the target should be observed. The air mass affects the sky transparency (e.g. the general atmospheric extinction as well as the depth and breadth of specific absorption bands due to atmospheric constituents such as water vapour and CO2), sky brightness and image quality. As a crude first approximation, the sky transparency and brightness each become poorer in proportion to the increase in air mass (e.g. sky brightness is twice as great at air mass = 2 than at air mass = 1) and the image quality degrades as (air mass)^0.6.
The airmass constraint is not used at phase I but can be entered in
the integration time calculators to show how the expected
signal-to-noise for an observation varies with elevation. By default
at phase II there is no elevation constraint and it is not possible to
edit the elevation constraint field in the observing tool since since
this maximizes schedulability. When needed, Gemini staff can set the
airmass or hour angle constraints. Use of these constraints is
equivalent to a change to better conditions constraints than approved
by the ITAC, so approval must be granted via the change request procedure before
the elevation constraints can be modified. An example of an
observation that would use these constraints is one using GMOS that
needs to restrict the hour angles so that the position angle of the
slit(s) is close to the parallactic angle. Targets with no elevation
constraints will be observed at airmasses < 2.0.
Constraint sets used previously:
Last update July 29, 2007; Rachel Mason, Tom Geballe and Jim de Buizer